Kusiyana kwachikopa chenicheni ndi chikopa chochita kupanga.

Chidziwitso choyambirira cha zikopa.

1. Tanthauzo la chikopa chenicheni
"Chikopa chenicheni" pamsika wazinthu zachikopa ndi mawu wamba, ndikuitana kwachikhalidwe kuti anthu asiyanitse zikopa zopangidwa ndi zikopa zachilengedwe.Mu lingaliro la ogula, "chikopa chenicheni" chilinso ndi tanthauzo losakhala labodza.Amapangidwa makamaka kuchokera pakhungu la nyama.Pali mitundu yambiri ya zikopa zenizeni, mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mapangidwe osiyanasiyana, khalidwe losiyana, mtengo umasiyana kwambiri.Chifukwa chake, chikopa chenicheni ndi mawu achikopa achilengedwe onse komanso chizindikiro chodziwika bwino pamsika wazogulitsa.
Malinga ndi momwe thupi limawonera, khungu lililonse lanyama lili ndi tsitsi, epidermis ndi ziwalo zapakhungu.Chifukwa dermis ili ndi maukonde a tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta ulusi, kotero onse amakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso amapuma.
Epidermis ili pansi pa tsitsi, pomwepo pamwamba pa dermis, ndipo imakhala ndi maonekedwe osiyanasiyana a maselo a khungu.Makulidwe a epidermis amasiyanasiyana ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, makulidwe a epidermis a chikopa cha ng'ombe ndi 0,5 mpaka 1.5% ya makulidwe onse;chikopa cha nkhosa ndi mbuzi ndi 2 mpaka 3%;ndi chikopa cha nkhumba ndi 2 mpaka 5%.Dermis ili pansi pa epidermis, pakati pa epidermis ndi subcutaneous minofu, ndilo gawo lalikulu la rawhide.Kulemera kwake kapena makulidwe ake amakhala pafupifupi 90% kapena kupitilira apo.

2. Zopangira zofufuta
Zopangira zowotcha ndi zikopa za nyama, ngakhale zofala kwambiri m'moyo wathu ndi zikopa za nkhumba, zikopa za ng'ombe ndi zikopa za nkhosa, koma kwenikweni zikopa zambiri za nyama zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kufufuta.Zikopa za ng'ombe zokha, nkhumba ndi nkhosa ndizo zida zazikulu zowotchera chifukwa cha khalidwe lawo labwino komanso kupanga kwakukulu.
Ngakhale pali mitundu yambiri yazinthu zopangira zikopa zowotchera, malinga ndi malamulo ndi malamulo angapo monga malamulo oteteza zinyama operekedwa ndi mayiko akunja, zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zimakhala zoletsedwa pamlingo winawake, ndipo zikopa wamba ndi: chikopa cha ng'ombe, chikopa cha nkhosa, chikopa cha nkhumba ndi chikopa cha akavalo.

3. Makhalidwe a chikopa ndi kusiyana kwake
Mutu wosanjikiza zikopa ndi awiri wosanjikiza zikopa: malinga ndi mlingo wa chikopa, pali mutu wosanjikiza ndi awiri wosanjikiza zikopa, amene mutu wosanjikiza chikopa ali tirigu chikopa, kukonza chikopa, embossed chikopa, wapadera zotsatira chikopa, embossed chikopa;awiri wosanjikiza chikopa ndipo anawagawa nkhumba awiri wosanjikiza ndi ng'ombe awiri wosanjikiza chikopa, etc.
Chikopa chambewu: Pakati pa mitundu yambiri yachikopa, chikopa chambiri chambewu chili pamwamba pamndandandawo, chifukwa chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chikopa chapamwamba kwambiri chokhala ndi zotsalira zochepa, chikopacho chimakhalabe ndi chilengedwe, chophimbacho ndi choonda ndipo chitha kuwonetsa kukongola kwachilengedwe. a khungu la nyama.Sikuti amangomva kuvala, komanso amakhala ndi mpweya wabwino.Zida zachikopa za Sky Fox zimapangidwa ndi chikopa chamtunduwu ngati zida zopangira kuti apange zinthu zachikopa zapamwamba kwambiri.
Chikopa chodulidwa: Chimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina opera achikopa kuti azichita matsenga pang'ono pamwamba pake ndikuchikongoletsa ndikusindikiza chofananiracho.M'malo mwake, ndi "kukweza nkhope" pachikopa chachilengedwe chokhala ndi mabala kapena nkhanza.Chikopa chamtunduwu chimatsala pang'ono kutaya mawonekedwe ake apachiyambi, the
Makhalidwe a chikopa chokwanira: ogawidwa mu chikopa chofewa, chikopa cha makwinya, chikopa cha kutsogolo, etc. Makhalidwewa ndi kusunga kwathunthu kwa njere, zomveka, zazing'ono, zolimba, zosakonzedwa bwino, zolemera komanso zowonjezereka, kusungunuka komanso kupuma bwino. , ndi mtundu wa zikopa zapamwamba.Zopangira zikopa zopangidwa ndi chikopa cha ng'ombezi ndi zabwino, zolimba komanso zokongola.
Theka-tirigu chikopa makhalidwe: mu ndondomeko kupanga ndi processing zipangizo, akupera mu theka la njere pamwamba, otchedwa theka-tirigu chikopa cha ng'ombe.Amakhala ndi mbali ya kalembedwe zikopa zachilengedwe, pores ndi lathyathyathya ndi oval, molongosoka anakonza, zovuta kukhudza, ambiri kusankha kalasi ndi osauka yaiwisi zikopa.Chifukwa chake, ndi chikopa chapakatikati.Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chapadera cha ndondomekoyi pamwamba pake popanda zilonda ndi zipsera ndi kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu, zomwe zimapangidwa ndizomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuzisintha, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'dera lazinthu zazikulu zazikulu zachikwama.
Konzani mawonekedwe a chikopa cha ng'ombe: chomwe chimatchedwanso "chikopa cha ng'ombe chowala", msika umadziwikanso kuti matte, chikopa cha ng'ombe chowala.Khalidwe pamwamba lathyathyathya ndi yosalala popanda pores ndi chikopa njere, kupanga pamwamba njere pamwamba kuchita pang`ono akupera pamwamba chepetsa, kupopera mankhwala wosanjikiza utoto utomoni pamwamba pa chikopa kuphimba chikopa pamwamba njere, ndiyeno kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa madzi. -based kuwala mandala utomoni, choncho ndi mkulu kalasi chikopa.Makamaka chikopa cha ng'ombe chonyezimira, chowala komanso chowoneka bwino, cholemekezeka komanso chokongola, ndi chikopa chodziwika bwino cha zikopa zamafashoni.
Makhalidwe apadera a chikopa cha ng'ombe: zomwe zimafunikira kupanga ndi chikopa cha ng'ombe chocheperako, mu utomoni wachikuda mkati kuphatikiza ndi mikanda, aluminiyamu yachitsulo kapena mkuwa wachitsulo palibe chinthu chilichonse chopangira chikopa chonse, kenako ndikugudubuza utomoni wowoneka bwino wamadzi, zopangidwa zake zomalizidwa ndi zonyezimira zosiyanasiyana, maso owala a m'mudzi, okongola komanso olemekezeka, chifukwa chachikopa chodziwika bwino, ndi chikopa chapakati.
Maonekedwe a chikopa cha ng'ombe: chokhala ndi mbale yamaluwa yachikopa (aluminiyamu, mkuwa) pachikopa chotenthetsera ndi kukanikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kukhala chikopa.Pakalipano, msika umadziwika ndi "chikopa cha ng'ombe cha lychee", chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbale yamaluwa yokhala ndi mbewu ya lychee, dzinalo limatchedwanso "chikopa cha ng'ombe cha lychee".
Awiri wosanjikiza chikopa: ndi wandiweyani chikopa ndi chidutswa cha makina achikopa odulidwa wosanjikiza ndi kupeza, wosanjikiza woyamba ntchito kuchita zonse tirigu chikopa kapena kukonza chikopa, wosanjikiza wachiwiri pambuyo ❖ kuyanika kapena filimu ndi mndandanda wa njira zopangidwa ndi zikopa ziwiri wosanjikiza. , kufulumira kwake kuvala kukana ndi kosauka, ndi mtundu wotchipa kwambiri wa chikopa chofanana.
Makhalidwe a chikopa cha ng'ombe chamitundu iwiri: mbali yake yakumbuyo ndi chikopa chachiwiri cha chikopa cha ng'ombe, chokutidwa ndi utomoni wa PU pamwamba, motero amatchedwanso chikopa cha ng'ombe cha phala.Mtengo wake ndi wotsika mtengo, wogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri.Kusintha kwake ndi ndondomekoyi kumapangidwanso ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu, monga chikopa cha ng'ombe chamitundu iwiri, chifukwa cha njira yapadera, khalidwe lokhazikika, mitundu yatsopano ndi zina, chifukwa cha zikopa zamakono zamakono, mtengo ndi kalasi palibe. zosachepera woyamba wosanjikiza wa chikopa chenicheni.